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Ilcittadino@Salerno

CRISI ENERGETICA: NUOVA PANDEMIA?

Purtroppo la civiltà moderna è ancora fortemente dipendente dai combustibili fossili per produrre energia. In molti paesi, il gas naturale, in alternativa al carbone, viene ancora visto come una soluzione in attesa che si affermino le cosiddette fonti rinnovabili e l’obiettivo di un futuro energetico a emissioni zero e lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie sostenibili. I governi hanno fissato traguardi ambiziosi di riduzione delle emissioni da gas serra, mentre i rapporti sul cambiamento climatico sono sempre più pessimisti e puntano il dito non solo contro l’anidride carbonica, ma anche sull’eccessiva produzione di metano, il cui effetto, in termini di riscaldamento atmosferico, è di molto superiore a quello dell’anidride carbonica. Ora, al riscaldamento globale si aggiunge un nuovo fenomeno, sempre strettamente connesso all’uso smodato di carbone, petrolio e gas naturale, la crisi energetica che, a macchia di leopardo, sta interessando tutto il mondo. I motivi sono diversi, ma il denominatore è comune, l’uomo non riesce ancora a soddisfare il fabbisogno crescente di energia con fonti alternative, inesauribili e non inquinanti. Tra i fattori scatenanti, ironia della sorte, c’è anche la ripresa economica post pandemia Covid-19 che ha portato ad un aumento della domanda di energia, oltre agli eventi climatici estremi che destabilizzano intere nazioni e alle complicate politiche internazionali che portano in generale ad un aumento dei prezzi europei e asiatici del gas. Il prezzo del petrolio ha raggiunto livelli massimi ormai da tre anni e il prezzo del carbone è in aumento perché, a causa della crisi del mercato del gas, molti Paesi lo stanno richiedendo per la produzione di energia elettrica e per l’industria. Secondo la Commissione Europea, i prezzi all’ingrosso dell’elettricità sono aumentati del 200% su base annuale rispetto alla media del 2019. Oltre agli aumenti in bolletta e del carburante, è probabile che il rincaro si rifletta anche su molti altri acquisti quotidiani, compreso il cibo. Fino ad oggi, la produzione di energia ha coinvolto l’utilizzo di risorse naturali, carbone, petrolio e gas naturale. Ma i giacimenti sono ormai in esaurimento e i processi di lavorazione hanno un importante impatto sul clima. Le fonti alternative di energia, definite anche fonti rinnovabili, provengono invece dal Sole, dal vento, dalle risorse idriche e geotermiche, dalle maree, dal moto ondoso e dalla trasformazione dei prodotti vegetali o dei rifiuti organici e inorganici. Sono soluzioni che non inquinano e non si esauriscono. A questo punto la transizione energetica dovrebbe essere accelerata. Le tecnologie necessarie per raggiungere i target intermedi del 2030 sono già tutte disponibili, quasi la metà delle tecnologie necessarie per raggiungere i target 2050 sono invece ancora allo stato dimostrativo, con percentuali ancora maggiori nel caso dell’industria pesante e dei trasporti di lunga distanza. Da questo punto di vista, la posizione dell’area europea presenta non poche criticità. Nell’ultimo quinquennio il processo innovativo nell’insieme delle tecnologie energetiche pulite ha subito una significativa battuta d’arresto, soprattutto se confrontato con la tenuta dell’attività innovativa nell’ambito delle tecnologie per la produzione di energia da fonti fossili, un risultato che per certi versi non sorprende se si considera che si è andato significativamente riducendo l’investimento pubblico in ricerca e innovazione nel settore, fondamentale per il suo sviluppo tecnologico. Oltre alle rinnovabili, molti scienziati sono impegnati nel perseguire quello che ormai da decenni è considerata la soluzione per quel che riguarda l’energia pulita, ovvero la fusione nucleare. La fusione nucleare è l’opposto della fissione nucleare, in cui gli atomi invece vengono scissi. Una volta innescata, a differenza della fissione, la fusione è altamente efficiente, più sicura e non crea scorie radioattive di lunga durata, impossibili da smaltire, difficili e costose da conservare. Tuttavia, finora nessun impianto è riuscito ad ottenere quel surplus energetico necessario per considerare il processo conveniente.

Luigi Bernabò

Leggi la copia digitale de Il Commendatore Magazine.

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